Recenly I wanted to upgrade one of my virtual machines from Debian 11.1 (bullseye) to Debian 12 (bookworm). But how to do that when it is not Ubuntu, which I use quite often?
Well, I have found a very informative tutorial, step by step - with almost guaranteed success ratio ;-)
See more:
https://ostechnix.com/upgrade-to-debian-12-from-debian-11/
find . -type f -name '*.php' -newermt "$(date -d "$(date +%y-%m-1) - 1 month" +%y-%m-%d)"
New virtual machine and new Kubuntu installation. Good days ahead again!
I just found out that old ways of using apt-key program are replaced in new Ubuntu Linux releases by Apt directory /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/. It is similar to another Apt directory /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ with files describing software repositories.
Good opportunity to learn something new :)
To install official Google Chrome including automatic updates, I used following tutorial:
a2dismod php7.0 ; a2enmod php7.3 ; service apache2 restartand:
update-alternatives --config php
There are three main ways to do it:
package-cleanup command from yum-utilsdnf remove combined with dnf repoquery/etc/yum.conf file# yum install yum-utils # package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=2Second:
# dnf remove $(dnf repoquery --installonly --latest-limit 2 -q)Third:
# vim /etc/yum.conf installonly_limit=3 #set kernel count
See also:
It's almost as natural as disabling timedatectl set-local-rtc on Ubuntu dual-boot machines at this point.
After installing XAMPP for Linux I wanted to use my old trick of configuring virtual hosts for Apache.
There is a one-time configuration, and two steps for each virtual host.
One-time configuration is needed to actually use virtual hosts, and to restore access to original XAMPP documents. So here it goes:
1. Open terminal and edithttpd.conffile:
$ sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf2. Now find the following line and uncomment it by removing the hash symbol (#) at the beginning:
Include etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf3. Edithttpd-vhosts.conffile:
$ sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf4. Replace definitions fordummy-host.example.comanddummy-host2.example.comwith following:
# Use name-based virtual hosting. NameVirtualHost *:80 <VirtualHost *:80> ## Restore access to localhost resources DocumentRoot "/opt/lampp/htdocs/" ServerName localhost </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ## Restore access to 127.0.0.1 resources DocumentRoot "/opt/lampp/htdocs/" ServerName 127.0.0.1 </VirtualHost> 5. Restart Apache or reload its configuration. Then check if you can still access XAMPP Dashboard at: http://localhost and http://127.0.0.16. Prepare directory for future virtual hosts, and give your user's group write access to it:
$ sudo mkdir /opt/lampp/vhosts $ sudo chgrp $(id -n -g) /opt/lampp/vhosts $ sudo chmod g+rwx /opt/lampp/vhosts
For each virtual host, name resolver needs to be informed about new local domain.
Then virtual host definition has to be added, and directory for host's files created.
Finally after Apache restart all should work.
7. Edit local name resolverhostsfile:
$ sudo nano /etc/hosts8. Add local/development domain, for example "helloapp":
127.0.0.1 helloapp9. Edithttpd-vhosts.conffile:
$ sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf10. Add virtual host, setting correctly paths and names:
<VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/opt/lampp/vhosts/helloapp" ServerName helloapp ErrorLog "logs/helloapp-error.log" CustomLog "logs/helloapp-access.log" combined # The same settings as for <Directory "/opt/lampp/htdocs"> in conf/httpd.conf <Directory "/opt/lampp/vhosts/helloapp"> # Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All", # or any combination of: # Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews Options Indexes FollowSymLinks ExecCGI Includes # AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files. # It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords: # Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit AllowOverride All # Controls who can get stuff from this server. Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost>11. Prepare directory for virtual host, remember about correct path:
(this works only if step 6. has been done, otherwise permission errors can occur)
$ mkdir /opt/lampp/vhosts/helloapp12. Restart Apache or reload its configuration. Then check if you can access new virtual host at:
http://helloapp
See also:
wget -c https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb
wget -c wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
apt-get install libxss1 libcurl3
libappindicator1
dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb
apt-get -f install
/etc/issue message:
Knowing what sort of computer user type this person is I decided to make sure I chose the right distribution for them. After careful thought and a bit of google trolling (in the searching sense of the word) I decided to give Linux Mint a go. So I backed up their computer and settled down to install Mint.
Naturally the install went without a hitch. [...] Note the only changes I made were upgrading wine and installing amsn. Everything else I left as is.
I called them over and spent a couple of minutes showing them where their data is and left them to it. After a while I checked in to see if there were any problems. There were none so I let them be. Suddenly they stormed out and shouted "This G.D. computer is so user friendly!!" [...]
Every now and then other exclamations burst forth such as "This is great!", "It's like a new computer" and more. Each time the old liquid pump almost burst under the pressure of pride at a new assimilation.
I did not have to do any training. I did not have to do any hand holding although, I fully expected to have to. This person found exactly what they needed and could do everything they could do before. The things they are most happy about? They are free of windows virus's, their computer runs fast again and is easy to use. So I am very happy with my choice of Mint for them as are they. The Mint developers have made a very good distribution and it has suited this person to the T. It is the first time I used Mint and I have to admit, I was impressed.
